Authorization bypass via unsafe FormData key recursion
Published Dec 16, 2025 · Updated Dec 16, 2025
Prototype pollution in tRPC @trpc/server allows remote authenticated users to alter Object.prototype through crafted FormData field names. The formDataToObject set helper splits bracket or dot notation into keys, then recursively follows proto, constructor, or prototype without rejecting those prototype-sensitive names. Exposure requires the experimental_caller or experimental_nextAppDirCaller path in the Next.js App Router adapter; polluted inherited properties can subvert application authorization checks or interrupt the service.
Summary
What happened
Prototype pollution in tRPC @trpc/server allows remote authenticated users to alter Object.prototype through crafted FormData field names. The formDataToObject set helper splits bracket or dot notation into keys, then recursively follows proto, constructor, or prototype without rejecting those prototype-sensitive names. Exposure requires the experimental_caller or experimental_nextAppDirCaller path in the Next.js App Router adapter; polluted inherited properties can subvert application authorization checks or interrupt the service.
The record
- CVE
- CVE-2025-68130
- Published
- Dec 16, 2025
- Updated
- Dec 16, 2025
- Vendor
- tRPC
- Product
- tRPC
- Classifications
- CWE-1321, T1190
- Attack vector
- network
- Privileges
- authenticated
Timeline
How it unfolded
- Dec 16, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
- Dec 16, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.
Exploitability
Present is not the same as exploitable
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Is a vulnerable build present?
Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.
- Affected versionversion=>= 10.27.0, < 10.45.3
- Affected versionversion=>= 11.0.0, < 11.8.0
What conditions does exploitation require?
What is affected?
Published CVSS scores
CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.
Attacks
What attackers are doing with it
Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.
Weakness, pattern, technique
Public exploit references
- formDataToObject prototype-pollution proof of conceptproof of concept · demonstrated
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Technologies
Your stack
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Your stack
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