CVE-2025-65108Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Arbitrary code execution via JavaScript front matter

Published Nov 21, 2025 · Updated Nov 21, 2025

Code injection in md-to-pdf before 5.2.5 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through crafted Markdown front matter. The converter passes JavaScript-tagged front matter to gray-matter, whose enabled JavaScript engine evaluates the block inside the converter process. Exploitation requires an application or operator to process attacker-controlled Markdown, granting the payload the converter process privileges.

CVSS severity10.0
Critical
EPSS probability0.93%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Code injection in md-to-pdf before 5.2.5 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands through crafted Markdown front matter. The converter passes JavaScript-tagged front matter to gray-matter, whose enabled JavaScript engine evaluates the block inside the converter process. Exploitation requires an application or operator to process attacker-controlled Markdown, granting the payload the converter process privileges.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-65108
Published
Nov 21, 2025
Updated
Nov 21, 2025
Vendor
Simon Haenisch
Product
md-to-pdf
Classifications
CWE-94, T1203
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Nov 21, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Nov 21, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=< 5.2.5

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Simon Haenisch · md-to-pdfversion=< 5.2.5

Published CVSS scores

10.0GitHubCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 9, 2026Sep 15, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 15, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-94Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
T1203Exploitation for Client Execution

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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