CVE-2025-52484Network attack vector

Invalid proof acceptance via unconstrained register operands

Published Jun 20, 2025 · Updated Jun 23, 2025

Proof-verification failure in RISC Zero zkVM 2.0.0 through 2.0.2 allows remote attackers to obtain acceptance of invalid execution proofs. The rv32im circuit omits a constraint linking three-register instruction operands, allowing a prover to make rs1 and rs2 appear identical during verification. Reachability requires an application to accept proofs from an untrusted prover; official Verifier Router deployments had version 2.0 disabled.

CVSS severityUnavailable
Unscored
EPSS probability0.26%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
Coverage for this vulnerability

See if you're affected

Explore vulnerability checks for your environment with Hinoki.

Book a demo

Summary

What happened

Proof-verification failure in RISC Zero zkVM 2.0.0 through 2.0.2 allows remote attackers to obtain acceptance of invalid execution proofs. The rv32im circuit omits a constraint linking three-register instruction operands, allowing a prover to make rs1 and rs2 appear identical during verification. Reachability requires an application to accept proofs from an untrusted prover; official Verifier Router deployments had version 2.0 disabled.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-52484
Published
Jun 20, 2025
Updated
Jun 23, 2025
Vendor
RISC Zero
Product
RISC Zero zkVM
Classifications
CWE-345
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Jun 20, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Jun 23, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

Compare your product and version with the public record. A matching version still requires validation against your environment.

Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=>= 2.0.0, < 2.1.0

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

RISC Zero · RISC Zero zkVMversion=>= 2.0.0, < 2.1.0

Published CVSS scores

2.7GitHub, Inc.CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-345Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

See the directory against your own environment.

Your stack

Check the software in your environment

Book a demo to see how Hinoki identifies affected software and validates exploitability in your environment.

Book a demo