CVE-2025-4412

TCC identity abuse via Launch Agent dylib loading

Published May 27, 2025 · Updated Jun 6, 2025

Incorrect default permissions in SparkLabs Viscosity 1.11.4 and earlier allow local users to assume its TCC identity on macOS. A Launch Agent starts the bundled viscosity_openvpn process with an attacker-controlled dynamic library, which runs under the application's TCC identity. Access is limited to file resources previously granted to Viscosity; other protected resources require interaction with a macOS permission prompt.

CVSS severity4.8
Medium
EPSS probability0.15%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Incorrect default permissions in SparkLabs Viscosity 1.11.4 and earlier allow local users to assume its TCC identity on macOS. A Launch Agent starts the bundled viscosity_openvpn process with an attacker-controlled dynamic library, which runs under the application's TCC identity. Access is limited to file resources previously granted to Viscosity; other protected resources require interaction with a macOS permission prompt.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-4412
Published
May 27, 2025
Updated
Jun 6, 2025
Vendor
SparkLabs
Product
Viscosity
Classifications
CWE-276, T1543.001, T1574.006
Attack vector
local
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. May 27, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Jun 6, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <=1.11.4

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorlocal
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

SparkLabs · Viscosityversion=0 <=1.11.4

Published CVSS scores

4.8CERT.PLCVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorlocal
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-276Incorrect Default Permissions
T1543.001Launch Agent
T1574.006Dynamic Linker Hijacking

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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