CVE-2025-4382

Physical LUKS data access via retained TPM key

Published May 9, 2025 · Updated Sep 1, 2026

Missing authentication in GNU GRUB 2.12 and earlier allows physically proximate attackers to read decrypted LUKS data from rescue mode. After TPM auto-decryption loads the key, a corrupted filesystem superblock causes discovery to fail and GRUB enters rescue mode without clearing the key. Physical access and TPM auto-decryption are required; the rescue CLI can expose plaintext and permit filesystem changes without further authentication.

CVSS severity5.9
Medium
EPSS probability0.37%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Missing authentication in GNU GRUB 2.12 and earlier allows physically proximate attackers to read decrypted LUKS data from rescue mode. After TPM auto-decryption loads the key, a corrupted filesystem superblock causes discovery to fail and GRUB enters rescue mode without clearing the key. Physical access and TPM auto-decryption are required; the rescue CLI can expose plaintext and permit filesystem changes without further authentication.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-4382
Published
May 9, 2025
Updated
Sep 1, 2026
Vendor
The GnuPG Project
Product
GNU GRUB
Classifications
CWE-306, T1006
Attack vector
physical
Privileges
Unavailable

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. May 9, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Sep 1, 2026Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <=2.12

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorphysical
Required privilegesUnavailable in this record.

What is affected?

The GnuPG Project · GNU GRUBversion=0 <=2.12
389 Directory Server · Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10Affected versions are unavailable in this record.
389 Directory Server · Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7Affected versions are unavailable in this record.
389 Directory Server · Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9Affected versions are unavailable in this record.
389 Directory Server · Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4Affected versions are unavailable in this record.
389 Directory Server · Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8Affected versions are unavailable in this record.

Published CVSS scores

5.9Red HatCVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorphysical
PrivilegesUnavailable
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-306Missing Authentication for Critical Function
T1006Direct Volume Access

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

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Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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