CVE-2025-3641Network attack vector

Authenticated code execution via unsafe reference deserialization

Published Apr 25, 2025 · Updated Apr 28, 2025

Code injection in affected Moodle LMS releases allows remote authenticated users to execute server-side code via Dropbox file references. The Dropbox repository's get_reference_details(), fix_old_style_reference(), and unpack_reference() paths pass stored reference data to PHP unserialize(), permitting object instantiation from attacker-controlled serialized input. Exploitation requires teacher or manager privileges and an enabled Dropbox repository, and successful object injection executes code with the web application's privileges.

CVSS severity8.8
High
EPSS probability0.92%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Code injection in affected Moodle LMS releases allows remote authenticated users to execute server-side code via Dropbox file references. The Dropbox repository's get_reference_details(), fix_old_style_reference(), and unpack_reference() paths pass stored reference data to PHP unserialize(), permitting object instantiation from attacker-controlled serialized input. Exploitation requires teacher or manager privileges and an enabled Dropbox repository, and successful object injection executes code with the web application's privileges.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-3641
Published
Apr 25, 2025
Updated
Apr 28, 2025
Vendor
Moodle
Product
Moodle LMS
Classifications
CWE-94, T1190
Attack vector
network
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Apr 25, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Apr 28, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

Compare your product and version with the public record. A matching version still requires validation against your environment.

Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=4.1.0 <4.1.18
  2. Affected versionversion=4.3.0 <4.3.12
  3. Affected versionversion=4.4.0 <4.4.8
  4. Affected versionversion=4.5.0 <4.5.4

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

Moodle · Moodle LMSversion=4.1.0 <4.1.18; version=4.3.0 <4.3.12; version=4.4.0 <4.4.8; version=4.5.0 <4.5.4

Published CVSS scores

8.8GitHub Advisory DatabaseCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-94Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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