CVE-2025-3409Network attack vector

Memory corruption via unbounded include-path copy

Published Apr 8, 2025 · Updated Apr 8, 2025

Stack-based buffer overflow in stb_include.h at commit f056911 allows remote attackers to corrupt memory via a crafted include path. stb_include_string copies path_to_includes into its fixed 4096-byte temp stack buffer with strcpy, then appends a slash and include filename with strcat without checking the combined length. An embedding application must pass attacker-controlled path data and process an include directive; the overwrite can crash the host process or alter its execution.

CVSS severity8.8
High
EPSS probability0.52%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Stack-based buffer overflow in stb_include.h at commit f056911 allows remote attackers to corrupt memory via a crafted include path. stb_include_string copies path_to_includes into its fixed 4096-byte temp stack buffer with strcpy, then appends a slash and include filename with strcat without checking the combined length. An embedding application must pass attacker-controlled path data and process an include directive; the overwrite can crash the host process or alter its execution.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-3409
Published
Apr 8, 2025
Updated
Apr 8, 2025
Vendor
Sean Barrett
Product
stb
Classifications
CWE-121, CWE-119, T1203
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Apr 8, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Apr 8, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

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  1. Affected versionversion=f056911

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Sean Barrett · stbversion=f056911

Published CVSS scores

5.3VulDBCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
6.3VulDBCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
7.5VulDBAV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P
8.8NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-121Stack-based Buffer Overflow
CWE-119Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
T1203Exploitation for Client Execution

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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