CVE-2025-31123Network attack vector

Access token issuance via expired JWT keys

Published Mar 31, 2025 · Updated Mar 31, 2025

Authentication bypass in ZITADEL allows remote attackers holding an expired machine-account JWT key to obtain valid access tokens. The authn_key_user SQL query returned machine-user keys without comparing k.expiration with the current time during JWT authorization grants. Possession of the expired private key is required, and resulting access is bounded by the machine account's permissions; JWT client authentication is unaffected.

CVSS severity8.7
High
EPSS probability0.39%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Authentication bypass in ZITADEL allows remote attackers holding an expired machine-account JWT key to obtain valid access tokens. The authn_key_user SQL query returned machine-user keys without comparing k.expiration with the current time during JWT authorization grants. Possession of the expired private key is required, and resulting access is bounded by the machine account's permissions; JWT client authentication is unaffected.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-31123
Published
Mar 31, 2025
Updated
Mar 31, 2025
Vendor
ZITADEL
Product
ZITADEL
Classifications
CWE-324, T1550.001
Attack vector
network
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Mar 31, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Mar 31, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

Compare your product and version with the public record. A matching version still requires validation against your environment.

Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=>= 2.62.0, < 2.63.9
  2. Affected versionversion=>= 2.64.0-rc.1, < 2.64.6
  3. Affected versionversion=>= 2.65.0-rc.1, < 2.65.7
  4. Affected versionversion=>= 2.66.0-rc.1, < 2.66.16
  5. Affected versionversion=>= 2.67.0-rc.1, < 2.67.13
  6. Affected versionversion=>= 2.68.0-rc.1, < 2.68.9
  7. Affected versionversion=>= 2.69.0-rc.1, < 2.69.9
  8. Affected versionversion=>= 2.70.0-rc.1, < 2.70.8
  9. Affected versionversion=>= 2.71.0-rc.1, < 2.71.6

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

ZITADEL · ZITADELversion=>= 2.62.0, < 2.63.9; version=>= 2.64.0-rc.1, < 2.64.6; version=>= 2.65.0-rc.1, < 2.65.7; version=>= 2.66.0-rc.1, < 2.66.16; version=>= 2.67.0-rc.1, < 2.67.13; version=>= 2.68.0-rc.1, < 2.68.9; version=>= 2.69.0-rc.1, < 2.69.9; version=>= 2.70.0-rc.1, < 2.70.8; version=>= 2.71.0-rc.1, < 2.71.6

Published CVSS scores

8.7GitHub, Inc.CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-324Use of a Key Past its Expiration Date
T1550.001Application Access Token

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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