CVE-2025-2885Network attack vector

Repository trust bypass via nonsequential root metadata

Published Mar 27, 2025 · Updated Oct 14, 2025

Improper input validation in Amazon Web Services tough before 0.20.0 allows remote authenticated users to trust stale repository roles. During sequential root updates, the client accepts a root object's embedded version without verifying that it is the next version after the trusted root. Exploitation requires control of trusted repository storage and an adequately signed older root, after which content tied to the prior role can be trusted.

CVSS severity5.7
Medium
EPSS probability0.32%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Improper input validation in Amazon Web Services tough before 0.20.0 allows remote authenticated users to trust stale repository roles. During sequential root updates, the client accepts a root object's embedded version without verifying that it is the next version after the trusted root. Exploitation requires control of trusted repository storage and an adequately signed older root, after which content tied to the prior role can be trusted.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-2885
Published
Mar 27, 2025
Updated
Oct 14, 2025
Vendor
Amazon Web Services
Product
tough
Classifications
CWE-1288, T1195.002
Attack vector
network
Privileges
admin

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Mar 27, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Oct 14, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0.1.0 <0.20.0

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesadmin

What is affected?

Amazon Web Services · toughversion=0.1.0 <0.20.0

Published CVSS scores

5.7Amazon Web ServicesCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
4.5NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
4.2GitHubCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesadmin
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-1288Improper Validation of Consistency within Input
T1195.002Compromise Software Supply Chain

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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