CVE-2025-27104

Contract misexecution via repeated iterator evaluation

Published Feb 21, 2025 · Updated Feb 22, 2025

Incorrect code generation in Vyper before 0.4.1 allows attackers to cause smart contracts to execute unintended loop behavior. The compiler instantiates a complex fixed-array iterator inside repeat IR, reevaluating conditional iterator reads after loop-body storage writes instead of caching the list once. Exposure requires affected source code to use such an iterator and the resulting contract path to execute; consequences depend on that contract's logic.

CVSS severity2.3
Low
EPSS probability0.45%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Incorrect code generation in Vyper before 0.4.1 allows attackers to cause smart contracts to execute unintended loop behavior. The compiler instantiates a complex fixed-array iterator inside repeat IR, reevaluating conditional iterator reads after loop-body storage writes instead of caching the list once. Exposure requires affected source code to use such an iterator and the resulting contract path to execute; consequences depend on that contract's logic.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-27104
Published
Feb 21, 2025
Updated
Feb 22, 2025
Vendor
Vyper
Product
Vyper
Classifications
CWE-662
Attack vector
Unavailable
Privileges
Unavailable

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Feb 21, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Feb 22, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=< 0.4.1

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorUnavailable in this record.
Required privilegesUnavailable in this record.

What is affected?

Vyper · Vyperversion=< 0.4.1

Published CVSS scores

2.3GitHub, Inc.CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X
7.5CISA-ADPCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
VectorUnavailable
PrivilegesUnavailable
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-662Improper Synchronization

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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