CVE-2025-25733Public exploit

Persistent firmware modification via writable SPI descriptor

Published Aug 26, 2025 · Updated Oct 22, 2025

Incorrect access control in Kapsch RIS-9160 and RIS-9260 firmware allows physically proximate attackers to modify SPI flash regions. In 3.2.0.829.23, 3.8.0.1119.42, and 4.6.0.1211.28, the SPI flash descriptor grants software read and write access to every region, including BIOS, Intel Management Engine, Gigabit Ethernet, and platform-data firmware. Brief physical access to a roadside unit permits malicious firmware writes that persist across reboots and operating-system reinstalls.

CVSS severity3.5
Low
EPSS probability0.27%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Incorrect access control in Kapsch RIS-9160 and RIS-9260 firmware allows physically proximate attackers to modify SPI flash regions. In 3.2.0.829.23, 3.8.0.1119.42, and 4.6.0.1211.28, the SPI flash descriptor grants software read and write access to every region, including BIOS, Intel Management Engine, Gigabit Ethernet, and platform-data firmware. Brief physical access to a roadside unit permits malicious firmware writes that persist across reboots and operating-system reinstalls.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-25733
Published
Aug 26, 2025
Updated
Oct 22, 2025
Vendor
Unknown vendor
Product
Unknown product
Classifications
CWE-1233, T1542.001
Attack vector
physical
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Aug 26, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Oct 22, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Affected buildAffected product and version details are unavailable.

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorphysical
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Affected products and versions are unavailable in this record.

Published CVSS scores

3.5CISA-ADPCVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorphysical
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-1233Security-Sensitive Hardware Controls with Missing Lock Bit Protection
T1542.001Pre-OS Boot: System Firmware

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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