CVE-2025-23421

Firmware disclosure via externally accessible application files

Published Feb 13, 2025 · Updated Feb 14, 2025

Exposure of firmware files in Qardio Heart Health iOS 2.7.4 and Android 2.5.1 allows physically proximate attackers to obtain firmware. The applications make device firmware files accessible, but CISA has not disclosed the file location or access-control failure that exposes them. Physical access is required; recovered firmware can be reverse engineered, exposing implementation details that threaten device confidentiality and integrity.

CVSS severity6.9
Medium
EPSS probability0.22%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Exposure of firmware files in Qardio Heart Health iOS 2.7.4 and Android 2.5.1 allows physically proximate attackers to obtain firmware. The applications make device firmware files accessible, but CISA has not disclosed the file location or access-control failure that exposes them. Physical access is required; recovered firmware can be reverse engineered, exposing implementation details that threaten device confidentiality and integrity.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-23421
Published
Feb 13, 2025
Updated
Feb 14, 2025
Vendor
Qardio, Inc.
Product
Qardio Heart Health
Classifications
CWE-552
Attack vector
physical
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Feb 13, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Feb 14, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=2.5.1
  2. Affected versionversion=2.7.4

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorphysical
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Qardio, Inc. · Qardio Heart Healthversion=2.5.1; version=2.7.4

Published CVSS scores

6.4ICS-CERTCVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L
6.9ICS-CERTCVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorphysical
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-552Files or Directories Accessible to External Parties

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

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Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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