CVE-2025-23214Network attack vector

User enumeration via distinguishable login errors

Published Jan 20, 2025 · Updated Feb 12, 2025

Observable response discrepancy in Cosmos Server before 0.17.7 allows remote attackers to identify registered users through login errors. The UserLogin handler returns UL002 when the looked-up user has no password but UL001 when bcrypt rejects a password for a registered user. The endpoint is unauthenticated, but rate limiting blocks broad scanning; disclosure is limited to the existence of a previously suspected username.

CVSS severity6.9
Medium
EPSS probability0.63%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Observable response discrepancy in Cosmos Server before 0.17.7 allows remote attackers to identify registered users through login errors. The UserLogin handler returns UL002 when the looked-up user has no password but UL001 when bcrypt rejects a password for a registered user. The endpoint is unauthenticated, but rate limiting blocks broad scanning; disclosure is limited to the existence of a previously suspected username.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-23214
Published
Jan 20, 2025
Updated
Feb 12, 2025
Vendor
Beyond Cloud ltd.
Product
Cosmos Server
Classifications
CWE-204, T1087
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Jan 20, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Feb 12, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=< 0.17.7

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Beyond Cloud ltd. · Cosmos Serverversion=< 0.17.7

Published CVSS scores

6.9GitHub, Inc.CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-204Observable Response Discrepancy
T1087Account Discovery

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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