CVE-2025-22045

Service interruption via incomplete x86 TLB invalidation

Published Apr 16, 2025 · Updated Aug 5, 2026

Improper TLB invalidation in the x86 memory manager in Linux allows local users to interrupt service during page-table removal. The flush_tlb_range macro passes false for freed_tables while collapse_pte_mapped_thp removes normal PMDs, allowing lazy-TLB CPUs to miss required invalidation and retain stale page-walk state. Reachability requires local low-privileged access and an x86 kernel; published scoring reports no confidentiality or integrity impact.

CVSS severity5.5
Medium
EPSS probability0.24%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Improper TLB invalidation in the x86 memory manager in Linux allows local users to interrupt service during page-table removal. The flush_tlb_range macro passes false for freed_tables while collapse_pte_mapped_thp removes normal PMDs, allowing lazy-TLB CPUs to miss required invalidation and retain stale page-walk state. Reachability requires local low-privileged access and an x86 kernel; published scoring reports no confidentiality or integrity impact.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-22045
Published
Apr 16, 2025
Updated
Aug 5, 2026
Vendor
The Linux Kernel Organization
Product
Linux
Classifications
T1499
Attack vector
local
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Apr 16, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Aug 5, 2026Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44fe
  2. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1
  3. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edf
  4. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <3ef938c3503563bfc2ac15083557f880d29c2e64
  5. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <556d446068f90981e5d71ca686bdaccdd545d491
  6. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <618d5612ecb7bfc1c85342daafeb2b47e29e77a3
  7. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <7085895c59e4057ffae17f58990ccb630087d0d2
  8. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <78d6f9a9eb2a5da6fcbd76d6191d24b0dcc321be
  9. Affected versionversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <93224deb50a8d20df3884f3672ce9f982129aa50
  10. Affected versionversion=4.20

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorlocal
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

The Linux Kernel Organization · Linuxversion=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <0708fd6bd8161871bfbadced2ca4319b84ab44fe; version=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <0a8f806ea6b5dd64b3d1f05ff774817d5f7ddbd1; version=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <320ac1af4c0bdb92c864dc9250d1329234820edf; version=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <3ef938c3503563bfc2ac15083557f880d29c2e64; version=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <556d446068f90981e5d71ca686bdaccdd545d491; version=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <618d5612ecb7bfc1c85342daafeb2b47e29e77a3; version=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <7085895c59e4057ffae17f58990ccb630087d0d2; version=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <78d6f9a9eb2a5da6fcbd76d6191d24b0dcc321be; version=016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536 <93224deb50a8d20df3884f3672ce9f982129aa50; version=4.20

Published CVSS scores

5.5UbuntuCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorlocal
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

T1499Endpoint Denial of Service

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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