CVE-2025-12816Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Cryptographic verification bypass via ASN.1 validator desynchronization

Published Nov 25, 2025 · Updated Nov 25, 2025

Interpretation conflict in Digital Bazaar Forge 1.3.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to bypass cryptographic verification via crafted ASN.1 data. The asn1.validate function in lib/asn1.js advances across an optional-field mismatch and reinterprets the malformed field as the following mandatory structure. Exploitation requires a downstream application to parse attacker-supplied ASN.1; no authentication or user interaction is required, and signatures or integrity checks can be skipped or applied to attacker-controlled data.

CVSS severity8.6
High
EPSS probability0.74%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Interpretation conflict in Digital Bazaar Forge 1.3.1 and earlier allows remote attackers to bypass cryptographic verification via crafted ASN.1 data. The asn1.validate function in lib/asn1.js advances across an optional-field mismatch and reinterprets the malformed field as the following mandatory structure. Exploitation requires a downstream application to parse attacker-supplied ASN.1; no authentication or user interaction is required, and signatures or integrity checks can be skipped or applied to attacker-controlled data.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-12816
Published
Nov 25, 2025
Updated
Nov 25, 2025
Vendor
Digital Bazaar
Product
Forge
Classifications
CWE-436, CWE-670, T1190
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Nov 25, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Nov 25, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <=1.3.1

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Digital Bazaar · Forgeversion=0 <=1.3.1

Published CVSS scores

8.6CISA-ADPCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N
8.7Digital BazaarCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-436Interpretation Conflict
CWE-670Always-Incorrect Control Flow Implementation
T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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