CVE-2025-1176Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Code execution via underflowed symbol-hash index

Published Feb 11, 2025 · Updated Apr 11, 2025

Heap-based buffer overflow in GNU Binutils ld 2.43 allows attackers to execute code by supplying a crafted ELF object file. _bfd_elf_gc_mark_rsec subtracts the external-symbol offset from a relocation symbol index without first ensuring the index is in the external-symbol range, then uses the underflowed result to index the symbol-hash array. A victim must invoke ld on the crafted input; the resulting out-of-bounds access can crash the linker or corrupt its process.

CVSS severity2.3
Low
EPSS probability0.68%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Heap-based buffer overflow in GNU Binutils ld 2.43 allows attackers to execute code by supplying a crafted ELF object file. _bfd_elf_gc_mark_rsec subtracts the external-symbol offset from a relocation symbol index without first ensuring the index is in the external-symbol range, then uses the underflowed result to index the symbol-hash array. A victim must invoke ld on the crafted input; the resulting out-of-bounds access can crash the linker or corrupt its process.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-1176
Published
Feb 11, 2025
Updated
Apr 11, 2025
Vendor
The GnuPG Project
Product
GNU Binutils
Classifications
CWE-122, CWE-119, T1203
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Feb 11, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Apr 11, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=2.43

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

The GnuPG Project · GNU Binutilsversion=2.43

Published CVSS scores

2.3VulDBCVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
5.0VulDBCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
5.1VulDBAV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 9, 2026Sep 15, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 15, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-122Heap-based Buffer Overflow
CWE-119Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
T1203Exploitation for Client Execution

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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