CVE-2025-10991

Physical root access via unauthenticated UART

Published Sep 30, 2025 · Updated Sep 30, 2025

Missing authentication in TP-Link Tapo D230S1 V1.20 before 1.2.2 Build 20250907 allows physically proximate attackers to gain root access. The device's UART interface grants a directly connected operator root-level control without authentication. Physical access to the doorbell hardware and a UART connection are required, after which the device can be controlled as the root user.

CVSS severity7.0
High
EPSS probability0.17%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Missing authentication in TP-Link Tapo D230S1 V1.20 before 1.2.2 Build 20250907 allows physically proximate attackers to gain root access. The device's UART interface grants a directly connected operator root-level control without authentication. Physical access to the doorbell hardware and a UART connection are required, after which the device can be controlled as the root user.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-10991
Published
Sep 30, 2025
Updated
Sep 30, 2025
Vendor
TP-Link Systems Inc.
Product
Tapo D230S1
Classifications
CWE-306, T1200
Attack vector
physical
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Sep 30, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Sep 30, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <1.2.2 Build 20250907

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorphysical
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

TP-Link Systems Inc. · Tapo D230S1version=0 <1.2.2 Build 20250907

Published CVSS scores

7.0TP-Link Systems Inc.CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorphysical
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-306Missing Authentication for Critical Function
T1200Hardware Additions

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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