CVE-2025-0622

Secure Boot bypass via stale GPG hooks

Published Feb 18, 2025 · Updated Jun 29, 2026

Use-after-free in GNU GRUB 2.12 and earlier allows local users with high privileges to execute code and bypass Secure Boot. The command/gpg module leaves check_signatures variable hooks registered after unload, so later hook invocation dereferences freed module code. Exploitation requires high local privileges and precise module-lifecycle control; successful code execution occurs in the pre-OS boot environment.

CVSS severity6.4
Medium
EPSS probability0.28%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
Coverage for this vulnerability

See if you're affected

Explore vulnerability checks for your environment with Hinoki.

Book a demo

Summary

What happened

Use-after-free in GNU GRUB 2.12 and earlier allows local users with high privileges to execute code and bypass Secure Boot. The command/gpg module leaves check_signatures variable hooks registered after unload, so later hook invocation dereferences freed module code. Exploitation requires high local privileges and precise module-lifecycle control; successful code execution occurs in the pre-OS boot environment.

The record

CVE
CVE-2025-0622
Published
Feb 18, 2025
Updated
Jun 29, 2026
Vendor
The GnuPG Project
Product
GNU GRUB
Classifications
CWE-416, T1037
Attack vector
local
Privileges
admin

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Feb 18, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Jun 29, 2026Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

Compare your product and version with the public record. A matching version still requires validation against your environment.

Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <=2.12

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorlocal
Required privilegesadmin

What is affected?

The GnuPG Project · GNU GRUBversion=0 <=2.12
389 Directory Server · Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10Affected versions are unavailable in this record.
389 Directory Server · Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9Affected versions are unavailable in this record.
389 Directory Server · Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4Affected versions are unavailable in this record.

Published CVSS scores

6.4Red HatCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 9, 2026Sep 15, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 15, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorlocal
Privilegesadmin
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-416Use After Free
T1037Boot or Logon Autostart Execution: Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

See the directory against your own environment.

Your stack

Check the software in your environment

Book a demo to see how Hinoki identifies affected software and validates exploitability in your environment.

Book a demo