CVE-2024-28855Network attack vector

HTML injection via unsafe login template rendering

Published Mar 18, 2024 · Updated Aug 13, 2024

Reflected HTML injection in affected ZITADEL 2.x releases allows remote attackers to inject markup into the login UI via malicious links. The login renderer imports Go's text/template package, which emits attacker-controlled input without the contextual escaping provided by html/template. Exploitation requires a victim to open a crafted link; injected HTML can alter the login page, while the documented Content Security Policy blocks injected JavaScript execution.

CVSS severity8.1
High
EPSS probability0.78%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Reflected HTML injection in affected ZITADEL 2.x releases allows remote attackers to inject markup into the login UI via malicious links. The login renderer imports Go's text/template package, which emits attacker-controlled input without the contextual escaping provided by html/template. Exploitation requires a victim to open a crafted link; injected HTML can alter the login page, while the documented Content Security Policy blocks injected JavaScript execution.

The record

CVE
CVE-2024-28855
Published
Mar 18, 2024
Updated
Aug 13, 2024
Vendor
ZITADEL
Product
ZITADEL
Classifications
CWE-20, CWE-79, T1566.002
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Mar 18, 2024CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Aug 13, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

Compare your product and version with the public record. A matching version still requires validation against your environment.

Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <2.41.15
  2. Affected versionversion=< 2.41.15
  3. Affected versionversion=>= 2.42.0, < 2.42.15
  4. Affected versionversion=2.42.0 <2.42.15
  5. Affected versionversion=>= 2.43.0, < 2.43.9
  6. Affected versionversion=2.43.0 <2.43.9
  7. Affected versionversion=>= 2.44.0, < 2.44.3
  8. Affected versionversion=2.44.0 <2.44.3
  9. Affected versionversion== 2.45.0
  10. Affected versionversion=2.45.0
  11. Affected versionversion== 2.46.0
  12. Affected versionversion=2.46.0
  13. Affected versionversion=>= 2.47.0, < 2.47.4
  14. Affected versionversion=2.47.0 <2.47.4

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

ZITADEL · ZITADELversion=0 <2.41.15; version=< 2.41.15; version=>= 2.42.0, < 2.42.15; version=2.42.0 <2.42.15; version=>= 2.43.0, < 2.43.9; version=2.43.0 <2.43.9; version=>= 2.44.0, < 2.44.3; version=2.44.0 <2.44.3; version== 2.45.0; version=2.45.0; version== 2.46.0; version=2.46.0; version=>= 2.47.0, < 2.47.4; version=2.47.0 <2.47.4

Published CVSS scores

8.1GitHub, Inc.CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-20Improper Input Validation
CWE-79Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
T1566.002Spearphishing Link

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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