CVE-2024-28197

Account takeover via subdomain-scoped user-agent cookie

Published Mar 11, 2024 · Updated Aug 26, 2024

Session fixation in ZITADEL before 2.44.3 and in 2.45.0 allows remote attackers to take over accounts through a malicious subdomain. The user-agent middleware prefixes the encrypted session-selection cookie with __Secure and assigns a parent Domain, allowing subdomains to supply the browser identifier. Exploitation requires control of or XSS on a subdomain, a victim without the cookie, and a login through the malicious link; the attacker gains the victim's account session, including MFA state.

CVSS severity7.5
High
EPSS probability0.34%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Session fixation in ZITADEL before 2.44.3 and in 2.45.0 allows remote attackers to take over accounts through a malicious subdomain. The user-agent middleware prefixes the encrypted session-selection cookie with __Secure and assigns a parent Domain, allowing subdomains to supply the browser identifier. Exploitation requires control of or XSS on a subdomain, a victim without the cookie, and a login through the malicious link; the attacker gains the victim's account session, including MFA state.

The record

CVE
CVE-2024-28197
Published
Mar 11, 2024
Updated
Aug 26, 2024
Vendor
ZITADEL
Product
ZITADEL
Classifications
CWE-384, CWE-269, T1189
Attack vector
adjacent
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Mar 11, 2024CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Aug 26, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <2.44.3
  2. Affected versionversion=< 2.44.3
  3. Affected versionversion=>= 2.45.0, < 2.45.1
  4. Affected versionversion=2.45.0 <2.45.1

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectoradjacent
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

ZITADEL · ZITADELversion=0 <2.44.3; version=< 2.44.3; version=>= 2.45.0, < 2.45.1; version=2.45.0 <2.45.1

Published CVSS scores

7.5NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N
7.5GitHub, Inc.CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectoradjacent
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-384Session Fixation
CWE-269Improper Privilege Management
T1189Drive-by Compromise

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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