CVE-2023-7346Public exploit

Fund theft via incomplete miniscript fragment encoding

Published May 20, 2026 · Updated May 20, 2026

Incorrect address derivation in Ledger Bitcoin app 2.1.0 and 2.1.1 allows attackers to redirect funds via crafted miniscript policies. Its a: fragment encoder emits OP_TOALTSTACK X without OP_FROMALTSTACK, letting a supplied witness value bypass an earlier signature, preimage, or timelock check. Exploitation requires a miniscript policy containing a:, plus malicious wallet software or skipped device-screen address verification; other wallets and policies are unaffected.

CVSS severity4.1
Medium
EPSS probability0.14%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Incorrect address derivation in Ledger Bitcoin app 2.1.0 and 2.1.1 allows attackers to redirect funds via crafted miniscript policies. Its a: fragment encoder emits OP_TOALTSTACK X without OP_FROMALTSTACK, letting a supplied witness value bypass an earlier signature, preimage, or timelock check. Exploitation requires a miniscript policy containing a:, plus malicious wallet software or skipped device-screen address verification; other wallets and policies are unaffected.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-7346
Published
May 20, 2026
Updated
May 20, 2026
Vendor
Ledger
Product
Ledger Bitcoin app
Classifications
CWE-682
Attack vector
physical
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. May 20, 2026CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. May 20, 2026Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=2.1.0
  2. Affected versionversion=2.1.1

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorphysical
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Ledger · Ledger Bitcoin appversion=2.1.0; version=2.1.1

Published CVSS scores

4.0VulnCheckCVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
4.1VulnCheckCVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorphysical
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-682Incorrect Calculation

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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