CVE-2023-54180

Kernel crash via Btrfs repair mirror mismatch

Published Dec 30, 2025 · Updated Dec 30, 2025

Denial of service in Linux Btrfs allows local users to crash the kernel when repair overlaps replacement of an unreliable device. The btrfs_repair_io_failure function asks btrfs_map_block to map a write, but device replacement can change bioc->mirror_num before a BUG_ON compares it with stale mirror_num. Reachability requires an ongoing Btrfs device replacement and a read failure from the replacement target; the resulting assertion terminates the kernel.

CVSS severity3.3
Low
EPSS probability0.19%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
Coverage for this vulnerability

See if you're affected

Explore vulnerability checks for your environment with Hinoki.

Book a demo

Summary

What happened

Denial of service in Linux Btrfs allows local users to crash the kernel when repair overlaps replacement of an unreliable device. The btrfs_repair_io_failure function asks btrfs_map_block to map a write, but device replacement can change bioc->mirror_num before a BUG_ON compares it with stale mirror_num. Reachability requires an ongoing Btrfs device replacement and a read failure from the replacement target; the resulting assertion terminates the kernel.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-54180
Published
Dec 30, 2025
Updated
Dec 30, 2025
Vendor
The Linux Kernel Organization
Product
Linux
Classifications
T1499
Attack vector
local
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Dec 30, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Dec 30, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

Compare your product and version with the public record. A matching version still requires validation against your environment.

Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 <53e9d6851b56626885476a2966194ba994f8bb4b
  2. Affected versionversion=1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 <a7018b40b49c37fb55736499f790ec0d2b381ae4
  3. Affected versionversion=1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 <d73a27b86fc722c28a26ec64002e3a7dc86d1c07

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorlocal
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

The Linux Kernel Organization · Linuxversion=1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 <53e9d6851b56626885476a2966194ba994f8bb4b; version=1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 <a7018b40b49c37fb55736499f790ec0d2b381ae4; version=1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 <d73a27b86fc722c28a26ec64002e3a7dc86d1c07

Published CVSS scores

3.3SUSECVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
4.8SUSECVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorlocal
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

T1499Endpoint Denial of Service

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

See the directory against your own environment.

Your stack

Check the software in your environment

Book a demo to see how Hinoki identifies affected software and validates exploitability in your environment.

Book a demo