CVE-2023-51775Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Service interruption via unbounded PBES2 iteration count

Published Dec 25, 2023 · Updated Nov 3, 2025

Uncontrolled resource consumption in jose4j before 0.9.4 allows remote authenticated users to interrupt service with a crafted JWE. PBES2 key unwrapping accepts the JWE header's p2c iteration count without an effective maximum, driving PBKDF2 work from attacker-controlled input. An application must expose JWE decryption with a PBES2 algorithm; one oversized count can monopolize CPU and make that application unresponsive.

CVSS severity6.5
Medium
EPSS probability0.88%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Uncontrolled resource consumption in jose4j before 0.9.4 allows remote authenticated users to interrupt service with a crafted JWE. PBES2 key unwrapping accepts the JWE header's p2c iteration count without an effective maximum, driving PBKDF2 work from attacker-controlled input. An application must expose JWE decryption with a PBES2 algorithm; one oversized count can monopolize CPU and make that application unresponsive.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-51775
Published
Dec 25, 2023
Updated
Nov 3, 2025
Vendor
jose4j Project
Product
jose4j
Classifications
CWE-400, T1499.004
Attack vector
network
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Dec 25, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Nov 3, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <0.9.4

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

jose4j Project · jose4jversion=0 <0.9.4

Published CVSS scores

7.5IBM X-ForceCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
6.5CISA-ADPCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-400Uncontrolled Resource Consumption
T1499.004Application or System Exploitation

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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