CVE-2023-49097Network attack vector

Account takeover via poisoned password-reset link

Published Nov 30, 2023 · Updated Nov 27, 2024

Host header injection in ZITADEL allows remote attackers to take over password-only accounts through poisoned password-reset emails. Password-reset notification handling trusts Forwarded or X-Forwarded-Host when constructing the emailed confirmation link, sending the code to an attacker-controlled site. Exploitation requires the victim to click the poisoned link, and accounts using MFA or passwordless authentication are not susceptible to takeover.

CVSS severity8.1
High
EPSS probability0.77%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Host header injection in ZITADEL allows remote attackers to take over password-only accounts through poisoned password-reset emails. Password-reset notification handling trusts Forwarded or X-Forwarded-Host when constructing the emailed confirmation link, sending the code to an attacker-controlled site. Exploitation requires the victim to click the poisoned link, and accounts using MFA or passwordless authentication are not susceptible to takeover.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-49097
Published
Nov 30, 2023
Updated
Nov 27, 2024
Vendor
ZITADEL
Product
ZITADEL
Classifications
CWE-640, T1190
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Nov 30, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Nov 27, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=>= 2.39.0, < 2.39.9
  2. Affected versionversion=>= 2.40.0, < 2.40.10
  3. Affected versionversion=>= 2.41.0, < 2.41.6

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

ZITADEL · ZITADELversion=>= 2.39.0, < 2.39.9; version=>= 2.40.0, < 2.40.10; version=>= 2.41.0, < 2.41.6

Published CVSS scores

8.1GitHub, Inc.CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
8.8NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 9, 2026Sep 15, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 15, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-640Weak Password Recovery Mechanism for Forgotten Password
T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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