CVE-2023-42116Network attack vector

Unauthenticated code execution via NTLM challenge overflow

Published May 3, 2024 · Updated Nov 4, 2025

Stack-based buffer overflow in Exim 4.95 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code through a crafted NTLM challenge request. The SPA authenticator fails to validate attacker-controlled challenge length before copying the data into a fixed-length stack buffer. Exposure requires SPA/NTLM authentication to be enabled, and successful exploitation runs code as the Exim service account.

CVSS severity9.8
Critical
EPSS probability3.16%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Stack-based buffer overflow in Exim 4.95 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code through a crafted NTLM challenge request. The SPA authenticator fails to validate attacker-controlled challenge length before copying the data into a fixed-length stack buffer. Exposure requires SPA/NTLM authentication to be enabled, and successful exploitation runs code as the Exim service account.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-42116
Published
May 3, 2024
Updated
Nov 4, 2025
Vendor
LibSPF2 Project
Product
Exim
Classifications
CWE-121, T1190
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. May 3, 2024CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Nov 4, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <4.96.1
  2. Affected versionversion=0 <4.97
  3. Affected versionversion=exim 4.95

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

LibSPF2 Project · Eximversion=0 <4.96.1; version=0 <4.97; version=exim 4.95

Published CVSS scores

9.8NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.1Zero Day InitiativeCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-121Stack-based Buffer Overflow
T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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