CVE-2023-41325

Secure-world compromise via stale RSA exponent pointer

Published Sep 15, 2023 · Updated Sep 25, 2024

Double free in OP-TEE OS 3.20 and 3.21 allows local users to load a modified Trusted Application and control the secure world. During RSA-key allocation, sw_crypto_acipher_alloc_rsa_public_key frees exponent e after modulus n allocation fails but leaves e pointing to freed heap memory; shdr_verify_signature then frees e again. Exploitation requires high-privilege local access, user interaction, and three coordinated sessions; success compromises the secure world.

CVSS severity7.4
High
EPSS probability0.39%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Double free in OP-TEE OS 3.20 and 3.21 allows local users to load a modified Trusted Application and control the secure world. During RSA-key allocation, sw_crypto_acipher_alloc_rsa_public_key frees exponent e after modulus n allocation fails but leaves e pointing to freed heap memory; shdr_verify_signature then frees e again. Exploitation requires high-privilege local access, user interaction, and three coordinated sessions; success compromises the secure world.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-41325
Published
Sep 15, 2023
Updated
Sep 25, 2024
Vendor
OP-TEE
Product
OP-TEE OS
Classifications
CWE-415, T1068
Attack vector
local
Privileges
admin

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Sep 15, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Sep 25, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=>= 3.20, < 3.22

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorlocal
Required privilegesadmin

What is affected?

OP-TEE · OP-TEE OSversion=>= 3.20, < 3.22

Published CVSS scores

7.4GitHubCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 9, 2026Sep 15, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 15, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorlocal
Privilegesadmin
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-415Double Free
T1068Exploitation for Privilege Escalation

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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