CVE-2023-37266Network attack vector

Root command execution via unvalidated JWT signatures

Published Jul 17, 2023 · Updated Dec 12, 2024

Improper authentication in IceWhale Technology Limited CasaOS before 0.4.4 allows remote attackers to execute commands as root via forged JWTs. The v1 and v2 route middleware accept token claims without validating the JWT signature, allowing an empty-secret HS256 token to impersonate an administrator. Network access to a CasaOS HTTP interface is sufficient; no credentials or user interaction are required, and successful exploitation grants root-level control of the host.

CVSS severity9.8
Critical
EPSS probability6.84%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Improper authentication in IceWhale Technology Limited CasaOS before 0.4.4 allows remote attackers to execute commands as root via forged JWTs. The v1 and v2 route middleware accept token claims without validating the JWT signature, allowing an empty-secret HS256 token to impersonate an administrator. Network access to a CasaOS HTTP interface is sufficient; no credentials or user interaction are required, and successful exploitation grants root-level control of the host.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-37266
Published
Jul 17, 2023
Updated
Dec 12, 2024
Vendor
IceWhale Technology Limited
Product
CasaOS
Classifications
CWE-287, CWE-1391, T1190
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Jul 17, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Dec 12, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <0.4.4
  2. Affected versionversion=< 0.4.4

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

IceWhale Technology Limited · CasaOSversion=0 <0.4.4; version=< 0.4.4

Published CVSS scores

9.8GitHub, Inc.CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-287Improper Authentication
CWE-1391Use of Weak Credentials
T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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