CVE-2023-3597Network attack vector

Secondary-factor bypass via improper step-up validation

Published Apr 25, 2024 · Updated Nov 11, 2025

Improper authentication in Keycloak and Red Hat build of Keycloak 22 allows remote authenticated users to bypass step-up authentication. The client step-up logic accepts registration of a false second factor alongside an existing factor instead of validating the new factor correctly. Affected upstream releases are before 22.0.10 and 23.0.0 through 24.0.2; exploitation requires valid password credentials and configured step-up authentication, and impact stays within the targeted user context.

CVSS severity5.0
Medium
EPSS probability0.60%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Improper authentication in Keycloak and Red Hat build of Keycloak 22 allows remote authenticated users to bypass step-up authentication. The client step-up logic accepts registration of a false second factor alongside an existing factor instead of validating the new factor correctly. Affected upstream releases are before 22.0.10 and 23.0.0 through 24.0.2; exploitation requires valid password credentials and configured step-up authentication, and impact stays within the targeted user context.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-3597
Published
Apr 25, 2024
Updated
Nov 11, 2025
Vendor
Red Hat
Product
Red Hat build of Keycloak 22
Classifications
CWE-287, T1098
Attack vector
network
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Apr 25, 2024CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Nov 11, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Affected versions are unavailable in this record. Check the vendor advisory for version and patch details.

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

Red Hat · Red Hat build of Keycloak 22Affected versions are unavailable in this record.
Keycloak · Keycloakversion=0 <22.0.10; version=23.0.0 <24.0.3

Published CVSS scores

5.0Red HatCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 9, 2026Sep 15, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 15, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-287Improper Authentication
T1098Account Manipulation

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

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Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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