CVE-2023-33241Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Private-key extraction via unchecked Paillier modulus

Published Aug 9, 2023 · Updated Oct 10, 2024

Private-key extraction in crypto wallets implementing GG18 or GG20 allows remote authenticated users to recover the full ECDSA key. During the Multiplication-to-Addition phase, signers accept a malicious Paillier modulus with small factors and a forged range proof, leaking each victim's private-key share in 16-bit chunks. The attacker must participate as a signing party; parameter choices determine whether recovery takes 16 signature attempts or as many as one billion.

CVSS severity9.6
Critical
EPSS probability1.18%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Private-key extraction in crypto wallets implementing GG18 or GG20 allows remote authenticated users to recover the full ECDSA key. During the Multiplication-to-Addition phase, signers accept a malicious Paillier modulus with small factors and a forged range proof, leaking each victim's private-key share in 16-bit chunks. The attacker must participate as a signing party; parameter choices determine whether recovery takes 16 signature attempts or as many as one billion.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-33241
Published
Aug 9, 2023
Updated
Oct 10, 2024
Vendor
Unknown vendor
Product
Unknown product
Classifications
CWE-74, CAPEC-474, T1552.004
Attack vector
network
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Aug 9, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Oct 10, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Affected buildAffected product and version details are unavailable.

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

Affected products and versions are unavailable in this record.

Published CVSS scores

9.1NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
9.6HalbornCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-74Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
CAPEC-474Signature Spoofing by Key Theft
T1552.004Unsecured Credentials: Private Keys

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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