CVE-2023-3028Network attack vector

Telemetry theft and CAN injection via unauthenticated MQTT

Published Jun 1, 2023 · Updated Jan 10, 2025

Improper authentication in HopeChart HQT401 firmware 201808021036 allows remote attackers to read and alter fleet telemetry over MQTT. The backend broker accepts unauthenticated connections and exposes public topics whose messages lack encryption and authenticity checks. Network access to the broker is sufficient to read vehicle data, impersonate vehicles or the backend, and inject CAN-bus data.

CVSS severity9.8
Critical
EPSS probability0.19%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Improper authentication in HopeChart HQT401 firmware 201808021036 allows remote attackers to read and alter fleet telemetry over MQTT. The backend broker accepts unauthenticated connections and exposes public topics whose messages lack encryption and authenticity checks. Network access to the broker is sufficient to read vehicle data, impersonate vehicles or the backend, and inject CAN-bus data.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-3028
Published
Jun 1, 2023
Updated
Jan 10, 2025
Vendor
Hangzhou HopeChart IoT Technology Co., Ltd.
Product
HQT401
Classifications
CWE-345, CWE-319, CWE-287, CAPEC-194, CAPEC-383, T1565.002
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Jun 1, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Jan 10, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=201808021036

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Hangzhou HopeChart IoT Technology Co., Ltd. · HQT401version=201808021036

Published CVSS scores

9.8National Vulnerability DatabaseCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.6Automotive Security Research GroupCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-345Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
CWE-319Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information
CWE-287Improper Authentication
CAPEC-194Fake the Source of Data
CAPEC-383Harvesting Information via API Event Monitoring
T1565.002Transmitted Data Manipulation

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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