CVE-2023-28725Known exploitationNetwork attack vector

Remote code execution via unrestricted Java application upload

Published Mar 21, 2023 · Updated Feb 26, 2025

Unrestricted file upload in General Bytes Crypto Application Server 20230120 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code. The master service accepts a Java application through its video-upload interface and places it in the admin server deployment directory, where the default application-server configuration executes it. Exposure requires network access to the master service, and execution with batm user privileges grants access to the database, wallet API keys, user records, and terminal logs.

CVSS severity9.1
Critical
EPSS probability20.61%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationReported
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Unrestricted file upload in General Bytes Crypto Application Server 20230120 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code. The master service accepts a Java application through its video-upload interface and places it in the admin server deployment directory, where the default application-server configuration executes it. Exposure requires network access to the master service, and execution with batm user privileges grants access to the database, wallet API keys, user records, and terminal logs.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-28725
Published
Mar 21, 2023
Updated
Feb 26, 2025
Vendor
Unknown vendor
Product
Unknown product
Classifications
CWE-434, T1190
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Mar 17, 2023Exploitation reportedGeneral Bytes CAS exploitation on March 17-18, 2023
  2. Mar 21, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  3. Feb 26, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Affected buildAffected product and version details are unavailable.

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Affected products and versions are unavailable in this record.

Published CVSS scores

9.1NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
9.1CISA-ADPCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationReported
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-434Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type
T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Reported exploitation

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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