CVE-2023-28110Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Authenticated command injection via unsanitized Kubernetes token

Published Mar 16, 2023 · Updated Feb 25, 2025

Command injection in JumpServer Koko before 2.28.8 allows remote authenticated users to execute commands through a Kubernetes token. Koko's Kubernetes connection handling embeds the supplied token in a shell command without neutralizing command separators, causing token text to be interpreted as commands. Exploitation requires high privileges, user interaction, and access to a configured Kubernetes asset; injected commands can modify files or interrupt the Koko container.

CVSS severity5.7
Medium
EPSS probability0.85%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Command injection in JumpServer Koko before 2.28.8 allows remote authenticated users to execute commands through a Kubernetes token. Koko's Kubernetes connection handling embeds the supplied token in a shell command without neutralizing command separators, causing token text to be interpreted as commands. Exploitation requires high privileges, user interaction, and access to a configured Kubernetes asset; injected commands can modify files or interrupt the Koko container.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-28110
Published
Mar 16, 2023
Updated
Feb 25, 2025
Vendor
JumpServer
Product
JumpServer
Classifications
CWE-77, T1059
Attack vector
network
Privileges
admin

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Mar 16, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Feb 25, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=< 2.28.8

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesadmin

What is affected?

JumpServer · JumpServerversion=< 2.28.8

Published CVSS scores

5.7GitHub, Inc.CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
9.9NISTCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesadmin
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-77Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
T1059Command and Scripting Interpreter

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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