CVE-2023-28002

Malicious image boot via failed integrity validation

Published Nov 14, 2023 · Updated Jun 11, 2025

Integrity-check bypass in Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy VMs allows local users with admin privileges to boot a malicious image. The VM boot-time filesystem verification path accepts an attacker-controlled system image without correctly validating its integrity-check value. Administrative access to the virtual appliance and control of its boot image are required, after which attacker-supplied filesystem contents run as the appliance operating system.

CVSS severity6.7
Medium
EPSS probability0.17%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Integrity-check bypass in Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy VMs allows local users with admin privileges to boot a malicious image. The VM boot-time filesystem verification path accepts an attacker-controlled system image without correctly validating its integrity-check value. Administrative access to the virtual appliance and control of its boot image are required, after which attacker-supplied filesystem contents run as the appliance operating system.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-28002
Published
Nov 14, 2023
Updated
Jun 11, 2025
Vendor
Fortinet
Product
FortiOS
Classifications
CWE-354
Attack vector
local
Privileges
admin

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Nov 14, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Jun 11, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=2.0.0 <=2.0.13
  2. Affected versionversion=6.0.0 <=6.0.17
  3. Affected versionversion=6.0.0 <=6.0.18
  4. Affected versionversion=6.2.0 <=6.2.15
  5. Affected versionversion=6.2.0 <=6.2.16
  6. Affected versionversion=6.4.0 <=6.4.14
  7. Affected versionversion=6.4.0 <=6.4.15
  8. Affected versionversion=7.0.0 <=7.0.12
  9. Affected versionversion=7.0.0 <=7.0.13
  10. Affected versionversion=7.2.0 <=7.2.3
  11. Affected versionversion=7.2.0 <=7.2.7

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectorlocal
Required privilegesadmin

What is affected?

Fortinet · FortiOSversion=2.0.0 <=2.0.13; version=6.0.0 <=6.0.17; version=6.0.0 <=6.0.18; version=6.2.0 <=6.2.15; version=6.2.0 <=6.2.16; version=6.4.0 <=6.4.14; version=6.4.0 <=6.4.15; version=7.0.0 <=7.0.12; version=7.0.0 <=7.0.13; version=7.2.0 <=7.2.3; version=7.2.0 <=7.2.7
Fortinet · FortiProxyversion=2.0.0 <=2.0.14; version=7.0.0 <=7.0.19; version=7.2.0 <=7.2.8; version=7.4.0 <=7.4.1

Published CVSS scores

6.7FortinetCVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorlocal
Privilegesadmin
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-354Improper Validation of Integrity Check Value

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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