CVE-2023-27584Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Administrator access via hard-coded JWT signing key

Published Sep 19, 2024 · Updated Sep 26, 2024

Authentication bypass in Dragonfly2 before 2.0.9 allows remote attackers to gain administrator access through forged JWTs. The Manager JWT middleware verifies HS256 tokens with the hard-coded signing key "Secret Key," enabling attackers to mint accepted tokens with an administrator identifier. Network access to the Manager REST API is sufficient to read protected data or perform any action available to an administrator.

CVSS severity9.8
Critical
EPSS probability33.64%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Authentication bypass in Dragonfly2 before 2.0.9 allows remote attackers to gain administrator access through forged JWTs. The Manager JWT middleware verifies HS256 tokens with the hard-coded signing key "Secret Key," enabling attackers to mint accepted tokens with an administrator identifier. Network access to the Manager REST API is sufficient to read protected data or perform any action available to an administrator.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-27584
Published
Sep 19, 2024
Updated
Sep 26, 2024
Vendor
Dragonfly
Product
Dragonfly
Classifications
CWE-798, CWE-321, T1190
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Sep 19, 2024CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Sep 26, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=0 <2.0.9
  2. Affected versionversion=< 2.0.9

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Dragonfly · Dragonflyversion=0 <2.0.9; version=< 2.0.9

Published CVSS scores

9.8NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8GitHubCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-798Use of Hard-coded Credentials
CWE-321Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key
T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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