CVE-2023-26092Network attack vector

Unauthenticated code execution via FreeMarker built-ins

Published Feb 20, 2023 · Updated Mar 17, 2025

Server-side template injection in Liima before 1.17.28 allows remote attackers to execute server-side code through crafted templates. BaseTemplateProcessor leaves FreeMarker's new and API built-ins enabled, allowing templates to instantiate utility classes or access Java resources. No authentication or user interaction is required according to CISA's assessment; successful expressions can execute commands or inspect server-side data.

CVSS severity9.8
Critical
EPSS probability0.86%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
Coverage for this vulnerability

See if you're affected

Explore vulnerability checks for your environment with Hinoki.

Book a demo

Summary

What happened

Server-side template injection in Liima before 1.17.28 allows remote attackers to execute server-side code through crafted templates. BaseTemplateProcessor leaves FreeMarker's new and API built-ins enabled, allowing templates to instantiate utility classes or access Java resources. No authentication or user interaction is required according to CISA's assessment; successful expressions can execute commands or inspect server-side data.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-26092
Published
Feb 20, 2023
Updated
Mar 17, 2025
Vendor
Unknown vendor
Product
Unknown product
Classifications
CWE-917, T1059
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Feb 20, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Mar 17, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

Compare your product and version with the public record. A matching version still requires validation against your environment.

Is a vulnerable build present?

Affected buildAffected product and version details are unavailable.

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Affected products and versions are unavailable in this record.

Published CVSS scores

9.8CISA-ADPCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 9, 2026Sep 15, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 15, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-917Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an Expression Language Statement ('Expression Language Injection')
T1059Command and Scripting Interpreter

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

See the directory against your own environment.

Your stack

Check the software in your environment

Book a demo to see how Hinoki identifies affected software and validates exploitability in your environment.

Book a demo