CVE-2023-25574Network attack vector

Authentication bypass via disabled JWT signature verification

Published Feb 25, 2025 · Updated Feb 25, 2025

Improper JWT signature verification in JupyterHub LTI Authenticator 1.3.0 allows remote attackers to gain access via forged LTI requests. LTI13LaunchValidator.jwt_verify_and_decode retrieves a matching JWK but calls jwt.decode with signature verification disabled, accepting attacker-controlled claims. Exposure requires a JupyterHub deployment configured with LTI13Authenticator; a forged launch can gain access under existing or new user identities.

CVSS severity10.0
Critical
EPSS probability0.35%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Improper JWT signature verification in JupyterHub LTI Authenticator 1.3.0 allows remote attackers to gain access via forged LTI requests. LTI13LaunchValidator.jwt_verify_and_decode retrieves a matching JWK but calls jwt.decode with signature verification disabled, accepting attacker-controlled claims. Exposure requires a JupyterHub deployment configured with LTI13Authenticator; a forged launch can gain access under existing or new user identities.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-25574
Published
Feb 25, 2025
Updated
Feb 25, 2025
Vendor
JupyterHub
Product
LTI Authenticator
Classifications
CWE-347, T1190
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Feb 25, 2025CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Feb 25, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion== 1.3.0

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

JupyterHub · LTI Authenticatorversion== 1.3.0

Published CVSS scores

10.0GitHub, Inc.CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-347Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

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Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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