CVE-2023-2455Network attack vector

Unauthorized row access via stale inlined policies

Published Jun 9, 2023 · Updated Jan 6, 2025

Row-level security bypass in PostgreSQL 11 through 15 allows remote authenticated users to read or modify forbidden rows via cached plans. The planner can inline a set-returning SQL function and then reuse its cached plan under a different role without reapplying role-specific row policies. Exposure requires CREATE POLICY plus a security-definer function or plan reuse across SET ROLE operations.

CVSS severity4.2
Medium
EPSS probability0.69%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Row-level security bypass in PostgreSQL 11 through 15 allows remote authenticated users to read or modify forbidden rows via cached plans. The planner can inline a set-returning SQL function and then reuse its cached plan under a different role without reapplying role-specific row policies. Exposure requires CREATE POLICY plus a security-definer function or plan reuse across SET ROLE operations.

The record

CVE
CVE-2023-2455
Published
Jun 9, 2023
Updated
Jan 6, 2025
Vendor
PostgreSQL Global Development Group
Product
PostgreSQL
Classifications
CWE-20, T1213.006, T1565.001
Attack vector
network
Privileges
authenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Jun 9, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Jan 6, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=PostgreSQL 15.3, PostgreSQL 14.8, PostgreSQL 13.11, PostgreSQL 12.15, PostgreSQL 11.20

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesauthenticated

What is affected?

PostgreSQL Global Development Group · PostgreSQLversion=PostgreSQL 15.3, PostgreSQL 14.8, PostgreSQL 13.11, PostgreSQL 12.15, PostgreSQL 11.20

Published CVSS scores

4.2PostgreSQL Global Development GroupCVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
5.4NIST National Vulnerability DatabaseCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N
5.4CISA-ADPCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-20Improper Input Validation
T1213.006Data from Information Repositories: Databases
T1565.001Data Manipulation: Stored Data Manipulation

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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