Memory corruption via PKCS15 SIM parser double-free
Published Jul 4, 2023 · Updated Aug 2, 2024
Double-free memory corruption in Qualcomm Snapdragon modem firmware allows physically proximate attackers to corrupt memory via PKCS15 SIM files. The modem's PKCS15 SIM-file parser releases the same allocation twice while decoding attacker-controlled file content. Exploitation requires a crafted physical SIM presented to an affected chipset and can compromise modem confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
CVSS severity6.8
MediumEPSS probability0.19%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligenceHinoki checkNot available
Coverage for this vulnerabilitySummary
What happened
Double-free memory corruption in Qualcomm Snapdragon modem firmware allows physically proximate attackers to corrupt memory via PKCS15 SIM files. The modem's PKCS15 SIM-file parser releases the same allocation twice while decoding attacker-controlled file content. Exploitation requires a crafted physical SIM presented to an affected chipset and can compromise modem confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
The record
- CVE
- CVE-2023-21629
- Published
- Jul 4, 2023
- Updated
- Aug 2, 2024
- Vendor
- Qualcomm
- Product
- Robotics RB3 Platform Firmware
- Classifications
- CWE-415, T1200
- Attack vector
- physical
- Privileges
- unauthenticated
Timeline
How it unfolded
- Jul 4, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
- Aug 2, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.
Exploitability
Present is not the same as exploitable
Compare your product and version with the public record. A matching version still requires validation against your environment.
Is a vulnerable build present?
Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.
- Affected versionversion=0 <=*
What conditions does exploitation require?
Attack vectorphysical
Required privilegesunauthenticated
What is affected?
Qualcomm · Robotics RB3 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon Wear 2500 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SA8155P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 750G 5G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SM7315 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN3660B Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCD9326 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SA8155 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 710 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6698AQ Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SW5100 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SW5100P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA6431 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon X24 LTE Modem Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA6595AU Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · CSRB31024 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 4 Gen 1 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 210 Processor Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD626 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 4 Gen 2 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 427 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCD9375 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm MSM8909W Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 630 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 680 4G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCS610 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon Auto 5G Modem-RF Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon Auto 4G Modem Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon X50 5G Modem-RF System Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · CSRA6620 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WSA8810 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA8337 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 429 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA6426 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SA6150P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA8081 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN3680 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 778G 5G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · FastConnect 7800 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCN3680B Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6320 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCM4490 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCD9360 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm 215 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · MSM8108 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCS410 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SA8195P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD888 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · CSRA6640 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon X65 5G Modem-RF System Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCM6490 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SM7325P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragonversion=315 5G IoT Modem; version=APQ8017; version=APQ8037; version=AQT1000; version=AR8035; version=CSRA6620; version=CSRA6640; version=CSRB31024; version=C-V2X 9150; version=FastConnect 6200; version=FastConnect 6700; version=FastConnect 6800; version=FastConnect 6900; version=FastConnect 7800; version=MDM9250; version=MDM9650; version=MSM8108; version=MSM8209; version=MSM8608; version=MSM8909W; version=QCA6174A; version=QCA6310; version=QCA6320; version=QCA6335; version=QCA6391; version=QCA6420; version=QCA6421; version=QCA6426; version=QCA6430; version=QCA6431; version=QCA6436; version=QCA6564A; version=QCA6564AU; version=QCA6574A; version=QCA6574AU; version=QCA6595AU; version=QCA6696; version=QCA6698AQ; version=QCA8081; version=QCA8337; version=QCA9377; version=QCM2290; version=QCM4290; version=QCM4325; version=QCM4490; version=QCM6125; version=QCM6490; version=QCN6024; version=QCN9024; version=QCS2290; version=QCS410; version=QCS4290; version=QCS4490; version=QCS610; version=QCS6125; version=QCS6490; version=QCS8550; version=Qualcomm 205 Mobile Platform; version=Qualcomm 215 Mobile Platform; version=Qualcomm Video Collaboration VC1 Platform; version=Qualcomm Video Collaboration VC3 Platform; version=Robotics RB3 Platform; version=SA6145P; version=SA6150P; version=SA6155; version=SA6155P; version=SA8145P; version=SA8150P; version=SA8155; version=SA8155P; version=SA8195P; version=SC8180X+SDX55; version=SD 455; version=SD460; version=SD626; version=SD660; version=SD662; version=SD670; version=SD675; version=SD 675; version=SD730; version=SD835; version=SD855; version=SD865 5G; version=SD888; version=SDX55; version=SDX57M; version=SG4150P; version=SM6250; version=SM6250P; version=SM7250P; version=SM7315; version=SM7325P; version=Smart Audio 200 Platform; version=Smart Audio 400 Platform; version=Smart Display 200 Platform (APQ5053-AA); version=Snapdragon 208 Processor; version=Snapdragon 210 Processor; version=Snapdragon 212 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 425 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 427 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 429 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 430 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 435 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 439 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 450 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 460 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 480 5G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 480+ 5G Mobile Platform (SM4350-AC); version=Snapdragon 4 Gen 1 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 4 Gen 2 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 625 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 626 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 630 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 632 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 636 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 660 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 662 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 665 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 670 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 675 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 678 Mobile Platform (SM6150-AC); version=Snapdragon 680 4G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 685 4G Mobile Platform (SM6225-AD); version=Snapdragon 690 5G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 695 5G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 710 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 712 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 720G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 730G Mobile Platform (SM7150-AB); version=Snapdragon 730 Mobile Platform (SM7150-AA); version=Snapdragon 732G Mobile Platform (SM7150-AC); version=Snapdragon 750G 5G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 765 5G Mobile Platform (SM7250-AA); version=Snapdragon 765G 5G Mobile Platform (SM7250-AB); version=Snapdragon 768G 5G Mobile Platform (SM7250-AC); version=Snapdragon 778G 5G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 778G+ 5G Mobile Platform (SM7325-AE); version=Snapdragon 780G 5G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 782G Mobile Platform (SM7325-AF); version=Snapdragon 7c Compute Platform (SC7180-AC); version=Snapdragon 7c Gen 2 Compute Platform (SC7180-AD) "Rennell Pro"; version=Snapdragon 7c+ Gen 3 Compute; version=Snapdragon 835 Mobile PC Platform; version=Snapdragon 845 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 850 Mobile Compute Platform; version=Snapdragon 855+/860 Mobile Platform (SM8150-AC); version=Snapdragon 855 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 865 5G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 865+ 5G Mobile Platform (SM8250-AB); version=Snapdragon 870 5G Mobile Platform (SM8250-AC); version=Snapdragon 888 5G Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 888+ 5G Mobile Platform (SM8350-AC); version=Snapdragon 8c Compute Platform (SC8180X-AD) "Poipu Lite"; version=Snapdragon 8c Compute Platform (SC8180XP-AD) "Poipu Lite"; version=Snapdragon 8cx Compute Platform (SC8180X-AA, AB); version=Snapdragon 8cx Compute Platform (SC8180XP-AC, AF) "Poipu Pro"; version=Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2 5G Compute Platform (SC8180X-AC, AF) "Poipu Pro"; version=Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2 5G Compute Platform (SC8180XP-AA, AB); version=Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon 8+ Gen 1 Mobile Platform; version=Snapdragon Auto 4G Modem; version=Snapdragon Auto 5G Modem-RF; version=Snapdragon W5+ Gen 1 Wearable Platform; version=Snapdragon Wear 2100 Platform; version=Snapdragon Wear 2500 Platform; version=Snapdragon Wear 3100 Platform; version=Snapdragon X12 LTE Modem; version=Snapdragon X20 LTE Modem; version=Snapdragon X24 LTE Modem; version=Snapdragon X50 5G Modem-RF System; version=Snapdragon X55 5G Modem-RF System; version=Snapdragon X65 5G Modem-RF System; version=Snapdragon X70 Modem-RF System; version=Snapdragon XR1 Platform; version=Snapdragon XR2 5G Platform; version=SW5100; version=SW5100P; version=SXR1120; version=SXR2130; version=Vision Intelligence 100 Platform (APQ8053-AA); version=Vision Intelligence 200 Platform (APQ8053-AC); version=Vision Intelligence 300 Platform; version=Vision Intelligence 400 Platform; version=WCD9326; version=WCD9335; version=WCD9340; version=WCD9341; version=WCD9360; version=WCD9370; version=WCD9371; version=WCD9375; version=WCD9380; version=WCD9385; version=WCN3610; version=WCN3615; version=WCN3620; version=WCN3660; version=WCN3660B; version=WCN3680; version=WCN3680B; version=WCN3910; version=WCN3950; version=WCN3980; version=WCN3988; version=WCN3990; version=WCN6740; version=WSA8810; version=WSA8815; version=WSA8830; version=WSA8832; version=WSA8835
Qualcomm · SA6155P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 435 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 636 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD835 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 865 5G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SM6250P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 Mobile PC Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon X12 LTE Modem Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · MSM8608 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · MSM8209 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 695 5G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SM6250 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6421 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCS6490 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD855 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon X70 Modem-RF System Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SA8145P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · FastConnect 6700 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA6564A Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Video Collaboration VC1 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · FastConnect 6900 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCS4490 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA9377 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 480 5G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCS8550 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCD9370 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 450 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon Wear 2100 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SA8150P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6420 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 660 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Smart Audio 400 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SM7250P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCD9341 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon X55 5G Modem-RF System Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 662 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCM4290 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 632 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SD 455 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA6564AU Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 460 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCN3988 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 712 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · C-V2X 9150 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Vision Intelligence 400 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA6436 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6574AU Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN3615 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · APQ8037 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Vision Intelligence 300 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD662 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCD9371 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6335 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCD9380 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN6740 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 439 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA6574A Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCM2290 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN3660 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SD460 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm QCA6430 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · APQ8017 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD730 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCM4325 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCN6024 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCS4290 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 780G 5G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SDX57M Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SA6145P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN3990 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD865 5G Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 208 Processor Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SXR1120 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN3610 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon XR1 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN3620 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCS2290 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Snapdragon Wear 3100 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · FastConnect 6200 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · AR8035 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · 315 5G IoT Modem Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 720G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCN9024 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 675 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD675 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SD 675 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6174A Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 212 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 850 Mobile Compute Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · AQT1000 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm 205 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SA6155 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 690 5G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SDX55 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 670 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SG4150P Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 626 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCN3950 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WSA8830 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 888+ 5G Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 425 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6391 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 5G Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon 665 Mobile Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCD9385 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCD9340 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCM6125 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · MDM9250 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WCN3980 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WSA8835 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Video Collaboration VC3 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCS6125 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCD9335 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Smart Audio 200 Platform Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · FastConnect 6800 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD660 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm Snapdragon X20 LTE Modem Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WSA8832 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm WCN3910 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · SXR2130 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6696 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · Qualcomm SD670 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · MDM9650 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · WSA8815 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Qualcomm · QCA6310 Firmwareversion=0 <=*
Published CVSS scores
CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.
Attacks
What attackers are doing with it
Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.
Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.
Sep 9, 2026Sep 15, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 15, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectorphysical
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed
Public exploit references
No public exploit references are available in this record.
Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.
Technologies
Your stack
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Your stack
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