Kernel crash via BPF tail-call stack drift
Published Oct 21, 2024 · Updated Aug 5, 2026
Out-of-bounds write in affected Linux kernels allows local users to crash PowerPC32 systems through unequal-depth BPF tail calls. The 32-bit PowerPC BPF JIT preserves the caller's stack for a tail call, but the callee restores it using its own stack depth, moving r1 upward by 16 bytes on each run and eventually writing above the stack. Reachability requires local access and the ability to load a BPF program with mismatched caller and callee frame sizes; the demonstrated consequence is a kernel Oops and service interruption.
Summary
What happened
Out-of-bounds write in affected Linux kernels allows local users to crash PowerPC32 systems through unequal-depth BPF tail calls. The 32-bit PowerPC BPF JIT preserves the caller's stack for a tail call, but the callee restores it using its own stack depth, moving r1 upward by 16 bytes on each run and eventually writing above the stack. Reachability requires local access and the ability to load a BPF program with mismatched caller and callee frame sizes; the demonstrated consequence is a kernel Oops and service interruption.
The record
- CVE
- CVE-2022-48998
- Published
- Oct 21, 2024
- Updated
- Aug 5, 2026
- Vendor
- The Linux Kernel Organization
- Product
- Linux
- Classifications
- CWE-787, T1499.004
- Attack vector
- local
- Privileges
- authenticated
Timeline
How it unfolded
- Oct 21, 2024CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
- Aug 5, 2026Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.
Exploitability
Present is not the same as exploitable
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Is a vulnerable build present?
Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.
- Affected versionversion=5.13
- Affected versionversion=51c66ad849a703d9bbfd7704c941827aed0fd9fd <747a6e547240baaaf41874d27333b87b87cfd24c
- Affected versionversion=51c66ad849a703d9bbfd7704c941827aed0fd9fd <89d21e259a94f7d5582ec675aa445f5a79f347e4
What conditions does exploitation require?
What is affected?
Published CVSS scores
CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.
Attacks
What attackers are doing with it
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Public exploit references
No public exploit references are available in this record.
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Technologies
Your stack
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Your stack
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