CVE-2022-23628Network attack vector

Policy decision changes via array reordering

Published Feb 9, 2022 · Updated Apr 22, 2025

Incorrect calculation in Open Policy Agent (OPA) before 0.37.0 allows attackers to alter policy decisions via optimized bundle generation. The format package can reorder array literals when pretty-printing synthetic AST nodes, changing statement logic after the bundle is parsed again. The effect requires programmatic AST construction, pretty-printing, and reparsing or evaluation; ordinary unoptimized policies that skip any condition are not affected.

CVSS severity5.3
Medium
EPSS probability1.03%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Incorrect calculation in Open Policy Agent (OPA) before 0.37.0 allows attackers to alter policy decisions via optimized bundle generation. The format package can reorder array literals when pretty-printing synthetic AST nodes, changing statement logic after the bundle is parsed again. The effect requires programmatic AST construction, pretty-printing, and reparsing or evaluation; ordinary unoptimized policies that skip any condition are not affected.

The record

CVE
CVE-2022-23628
Published
Feb 9, 2022
Updated
Apr 22, 2025
Vendor
Open Policy Agent
Product
Open Policy Agent (OPA)
Classifications
CWE-682, T1565
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Feb 9, 2022CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Apr 22, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=>= 0.33.1, < 0.37.0

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Open Policy Agent · Open Policy Agent (OPA)version=>= 0.33.1, < 0.37.0

Published CVSS scores

6.3GitHub, Inc.CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
4.3NVDAV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N
5.3NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-682Incorrect Calculation
T1565Data Manipulation

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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