CVE-2021-43529Network attack vector

Code execution via oversized S/MIME signature copy

Published Feb 16, 2023 · Updated Mar 19, 2025

Heap overflow in Mozilla Thunderbird before 91.3.0 allows remote attackers to execute code via a crafted S/MIME message. During signature verification, NSS vfy_CreateContext copies an attacker-sized DER-encoded DSA or RSA-PSS signature into the fixed-size VFYContext buffer without enforcing its maximum length. Processing the signed message requires no authentication or user interaction, and the overwrite can corrupt adjacent function pointers inside the mail client.

CVSS severity9.8
Critical
EPSS probability0.47%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Heap overflow in Mozilla Thunderbird before 91.3.0 allows remote attackers to execute code via a crafted S/MIME message. During signature verification, NSS vfy_CreateContext copies an attacker-sized DER-encoded DSA or RSA-PSS signature into the fixed-size VFYContext buffer without enforcing its maximum length. Processing the signed message requires no authentication or user interaction, and the overwrite can corrupt adjacent function pointers inside the mail client.

The record

CVE
CVE-2021-43529
Published
Feb 16, 2023
Updated
Mar 19, 2025
Vendor
Mozilla
Product
Thunderbird
Classifications
CWE-787, T1203
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Feb 16, 2023CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Mar 19, 2025Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=unspecified <91.3.0

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Mozilla · Thunderbirdversion=unspecified <91.3.0

Published CVSS scores

9.8NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
9.8CISA-ADPCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitUnconfirmed

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-787Out-of-bounds Write
T1203Exploitation for Client Execution

Public exploit references

No public exploit references are available in this record.

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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