CVE-2021-28965Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Document structure corruption via malformed XML round-trip

Published Apr 21, 2021 · Updated Aug 3, 2024

XML round-trip corruption in REXML 3.2.4 and earlier allows attackers to alter a document's structure via crafted XML. The parser accepts malformed element boundaries and the notation serializer selects unsafe quote delimiters, so parse-and-serialize output can expose injected markup as elements. Exploitation requires an application to parse attacker-controlled XML, serialize it, and then trust the changed structure; the resulting security impact depends on that application's use of the output.

CVSS severity7.5
High
EPSS probability5.06%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

XML round-trip corruption in REXML 3.2.4 and earlier allows attackers to alter a document's structure via crafted XML. The parser accepts malformed element boundaries and the notation serializer selects unsafe quote delimiters, so parse-and-serialize output can expose injected markup as elements. Exploitation requires an application to parse attacker-controlled XML, serialize it, and then trust the changed structure; the resulting security impact depends on that application's use of the output.

The record

CVE
CVE-2021-28965
Published
Apr 21, 2021
Updated
Aug 3, 2024
Vendor
Unknown vendor
Product
Unknown product
Classifications
Unavailable
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Apr 21, 2021CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Aug 3, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Affected buildAffected product and version details are unavailable.

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Affected products and versions are unavailable in this record.

Published CVSS scores

7.5NIST NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
5.0NIST NVDAV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

Daily unique IPsNo honeypot observations are available for this CVE in the selected window.

No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

No sourced classifications are available.

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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