CVE-2021-23440Public exploitNetwork attack vector

Prototype pollution via non-string path components

Published Sep 12, 2021 · Updated Sep 16, 2024

Prototype pollution in set-value before 2.0.1, 3.0.0 through 3.0.2, and 4.0.0 allows attackers to alter object prototypes via array paths. The path validator compares each component against unsafe names before coercing non-string array elements, so a nested array containing proto evades the comparison and is later converted to the forbidden property name. Exploitation requires a consuming application to pass attacker-controlled array path components; the polluted prototype can change inherited properties throughout that process.

CVSS severity7.3
High
EPSS probability2.21%
Next 30 days · Sep 16, 2026
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Based on sourced intelligence
Hinoki checkNot available
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Summary

What happened

Prototype pollution in set-value before 2.0.1, 3.0.0 through 3.0.2, and 4.0.0 allows attackers to alter object prototypes via array paths. The path validator compares each component against unsafe names before coercing non-string array elements, so a nested array containing proto evades the comparison and is later converted to the forbidden property name. Exploitation requires a consuming application to pass attacker-controlled array path components; the polluted prototype can change inherited properties throughout that process.

The record

CVE
CVE-2021-23440
Published
Sep 12, 2021
Updated
Sep 16, 2024
Vendor
Jon Schlinkert
Product
set-value
Classifications
CWE-1321, CWE-843
Attack vector
network
Privileges
unauthenticated

Timeline

How it unfolded

  1. Sep 12, 2021CVE publishedPublication date reported by the CVE source.
  2. Sep 16, 2024Record updatedLatest update available in the CVE record.

Exploitability

Present is not the same as exploitable

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Is a vulnerable build present?

Compare these published version ranges with your installed build and any vendor patches.

  1. Affected versionversion=<2.0.1
  2. Affected versionversion=>=3.0.0 <4.0.1

What conditions does exploitation require?

Attack vectornetwork
Required privilegesunauthenticated

What is affected?

Jon Schlinkert · set-valueversion=<2.0.1; version=>=3.0.0 <4.0.1

Published CVSS scores

7.3SnykCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
9.8NVDCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVSS describes severity. EPSS estimates exploitation probability.

Attacks

What attackers are doing with it

Daily unique IPs observed by Shadowserver honeypots for known exploited vulnerabilities (KEVs). Missing observations do not establish an absence of attacks.

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No observations available

Sep 10, 2026Sep 16, 2026
Latest reporting daySep 16, 2026
Latest daily unique IPsUnavailable
Prior 30-day averageUnavailable
SourceShadowserver honeypots (KEV)
Vectornetwork
Privilegesunauthenticated
Known exploitationUnconfirmed
Public exploitPublished

Weakness, pattern, technique

CWE-1321Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')
CWE-843Access of Resource Using Incompatible Type ('Type Confusion')

Public exploit references

Labels summarize the accepted research assessment. They do not indicate a test against your environment.

Technologies

Your stack

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Your stack

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